Free Essays on The Over- Commercialization Of Student Athletes

School competitors in this nation are being over-marketed directly before us and they are not getting remunerated at all. Colleges are utilizing the front of calling the competitors beginners when in actuality they are â€Å"big-time, large cash diversion, with proficient trappings, financed by a manor mindset and slave labor† (Lyon par.3) and afterward the universities state that the grant given to them is extensive repayment. Actually these competitors are going to class full-time and are basically working-all day occupations for no compensation. That, yet competitors can’t acknowledge blessings of any sort, regardless of whether it is simply something vital like cash for food or toiletries. These children buckled down in secondary school to get these grants, however since they have them, their lives are more diligently. Albeit a grant is a decent method to enlist competitors to a school to make that school cash, big time competitors who are being popularized ought to get a portion of the huge totals of cash that the schools and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) are making. In 1997, star running back for Penn State, Curtis Enis was welcome to a year-end grant function for his group to commend his 1,363 surging yards and 19 touchdowns. So as to join in, in any case, he would require an outfit that he didn't have cash for . Since he is a competitor, he would not be permitted to have the garments required given to him as a supportive signal. On the off chance that he were an ordinary understudy, he could have acknowledged the garments as a blessing from anybody and nobody would take a second look. Be that as it may, he is a competitor who is held to a fraudulent twofold norm (Lyon par.2). On the off chance that a competitor is sufficiently fortunate to try and possess energy for a vocation, NCAA rules preclude them from working an occupation that pay more that $2,000 every year (O’Toole par.9). That implies they can make generally $41 every week which is not really enough to place gas in your vehicle these days. The NCAA offers competitors some elec tive structures... Free Essays on The Over-Commercialization Of Student Athletes Free Essays on The Over-Commercialization Of Student Athletes School competitors in this nation are being over-marketed directly before us and they are not getting remunerated at all. Colleges are utilizing the front of calling the competitors beginners when in actuality they are â€Å"big-time, huge cash diversion, with proficient trappings, financed by an estate mindset and slave labor† (Lyon par.3) and afterward the schools state that the grant given to them is impressive repayment. Actually these competitors are going to class full-time and are basically working-all day employments for no compensation. That, however competitors can’t acknowledge blessings of any sort, regardless of whether it is simply something important like cash for food or toiletries. These children buckled down in secondary school to get these grants, yet since they have them, their lives are more diligently. Albeit a grant is a decent method to select competitors to a school to make that school cash, big time competitors who are being marketed ought to g et a portion of the enormous entireties of cash that the schools and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) are making. In 1997, star running back for Penn State, Curtis Enis was welcome to a year-end grant function for his group to commend his 1,363 surging yards and 19 touchdowns. So as to join in, in any case, he would require an outfit that he didn't have cash for . Since he is a competitor, he would not be permitted to have the garments required given to him as a supportive signal. In the event that he were a normal understudy, he could have acknowledged the garments as a blessing from anybody and nobody would take a second look. In any case, he is a competitor who is held to a fraudulent twofold norm (Lyon par.2). On the off chance that a competitor is sufficiently fortunate to try and possess energy for a vocation, NCAA rules deny them from working a vocation that pay more that $2,000 every year (O’Toole par.9). That implies they can make generally $41 every week which is not really enough to place gas in your vehicle these days. The NCAA offers competitors some elective structures...

A Thousand Splendid Suns Analysis Essay Example

A Thousand Splendid Suns: Analysis Essay â€Å" Nana stated, ‘Learn this now and learn it well, my little girl: Like a compass needle that focuses north, a man’s denouncing finger consistently finds a lady. You recollect that Mariam† (Hosseini 7). In this entry from A Thousand Splendid Suns, Mariam’s mother discloses to her what her dad is truly similar to. Through the asking of this novel, Mariam sees her dad, Jalil, as the better parent and perspectives her mom as the more exacting one. Nana isn’t attached to Jalil on the grounds that after he had got her pregnant, he denied that he had a go at laying down with Nana, â€Å"That [she] constrained [herself] on him† (Hosseini 6). Mariam doesn’t accept this story. She feels that the main explanation her dad hadn’t kept her and her mom in his home was a direct result of his different spouses. Nana attempts to disclose to Mariam reality however Mariam overlooks what her mom advises her. In later parts Mariam can understand that her mom had been coming clean. At the point when she realizes this, this is on the grounds that her mom has kicked the bucket and she can see that her dad needs nothing to do with her. The creator, Khaled Hosseini, utilizes this to foretell Mariam’s spouse, Rasheed, reprimands her for not having a child and for not being a decent wife. We will compose a custom article test on A Thousand Splendid Suns: Analysis explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on A Thousand Splendid Suns: Analysis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on A Thousand Splendid Suns: Analysis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Rasheed, however other men in this novel also censure the ladies for their issues. Jalil accused Nana for the introduction of Mariam despite the fact that it was his flaw for having the illicit relationship. Rasheed doesn’t consistently fault Mariam for everything, now and again he accuses his other spouse as well, Laila, for bringing forth a little girl and not a child. This entry delineates what Nana needed to realize and what Mariam needed to suffer when growing up with a man around. All through, ladies are the casualties of their spouses issues and in this book it unmistakably shows how ladies are charged, in any event, while doing no mischief to anybody. Around evening time, Laila lay in bed and viewed the abrupt white flashes reflected in her window. She tuned in to the shaking of nuclear gunfire and tallied the rockets whimpering overhead as the house shook and drops of mortar descended upon her from the roof. A few evenings when the light of rocket fire was so brillian t an individual could peruse a book by it, rest never came. Also, in the event that it did, Laila’s dreams were loaded down with fire and segregated appendages and the groaning of the wounded† (Hosseini 157). This section, Laila portrays her environmental factors in her youth years. During this timeframe in the novel, there is war that proceeds all through the book. This war impacts Laila in light of the fact that each time she hear a rocket impact, she believes that her companion Tariq, has been killed by one of them. All through, Laila is constantly worried on the impact the war has on her friends and family. In light of this war Laila winds up loosing her friends and family. Her mom, father, her two siblings and closest amazing of the war in Afghanistan and Pakistan and she nearly looses Tariq when he moves away and gets harmed by a rocket. The war helps Laila see what a disaster it is to free individuals as such. In the section, Khaled Hosseini utilizes an exaggeration to exhibit how significant this war is in Afghanistan and the impacts it has on the individuals living in this nation. At the point when it is expressed that â€Å"†¦light of rocket fire was so brilliant an individual could peruse a book by it†¦,† it doesn’t truly imply that it was that splendid you could peruse, it just shows that it caused a scene where it could intrude on an ordinary daily schedule. And furthermore when it makes reference to her fantasies, they appear to be slightly misrepresented in light of the fact that yes this condition could cause certain bad dreams, however she hasn’t really saw the killings of this war and the effects of the real injured individuals. They would live in a little house on the edge of some town they’d never knew about, Maraim stated, or in a remote town where the street was limited and unpaved however fixed with all way of plants and bushes. Perhaps there would be a way to take, a way that prompted a grass field where the youngsters could play, or possibly a graveled street that would take them to a reasonable blue lake where trout swam and reeds jabbed through the surface. They would raise sheep and chickens, and they would make bread together and show the kids to peruse. They would make new lives for themselves-serene, single lives-and there the heaviness of all that they’d suffered would lift from them, and they would be meriting all the bliss and basic flourishing they would find† (Hosseini 315). In this citation ,Laila And Mariam are envisioning their ideal life on the off chance that they leave the existence they live in. Mariam and Laila are burnt out on living with their better half, Rasheed, who mishandles the and they need to begin new lives. Beforehand, they tried to leave him however they wound up getting captured which caused more maltreatment for them. Laila thinks this will experience, however Mariam knows the appalling truth that this dream isn’t reality and she recognizes what will truly happen to both of them and their family. At long last this thought is rarely practiced, much like most dreams. Laila winds up moving with her adoration Tariq and her two children, Zalmai and Aziza, to Pakistan. While Mariam chooses to turn herself for the homicide of Rasheed and she is slaughtered toward the end for what she did. In the novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns, Hosseini utilizes theme of having a fantasy of the ideal life that is never reached. Much the same as in the novel, Of Mice and Men, the characters, Lennie and George, had a dream of having an actual existence they have consistently needed yet at long last a disaster makes this fantasy be pulverized when Lennie gets murdered, yet in this circumstance it is Mariam who is executed. A great deal of books have this subject where the thought is to end with the perfect life however then it gets totally convoluted and for the most part the specific inverse of that occurs. In Mariam and Laila’s circumstance, Laila doesn’t get this precise life however she does live cheerfully toward the end with her family despite the fact that they do battle on occasion yet for Mariam, she didn’t get the joy she needed yet she had the option to get something similarly as great, a companion that would get her. The Review I for one truly delighted in this book. I felt that I had the option to interface with the characters Mariam and Laila truly well. Now and again the book would have depressed spots in it however sure enough it would pick directly back up. The parts about war weren’t to fascinating for me, the manner in which the creator clarified it could have been made additionally intriguing. The book in general was truly elegantly composed. Had extraordinary portrayal to occasions in it. Shockingly, it had made me destroy at parts, for example, when Laila thought Tariq had kicked the bucket and when Mariam had abandoned Jalil as her dad. The epic had some fascinating characters. Rasheed and Jalil were two characters that I truly wasn’t enamored with yet towards the end, I had felt some compassion toward Jalil when I discovered that he lament letting Laila go and how he wound up biting the dust. Rasheed, in any case, was a character which I felt no compassion towards yet a greater amount of contempt feeling. Mariam was a character I was extremely ready to identify with on the grounds that I saw how she felt in the asking, where she trusted her dad was a genuine, cherishing father and her mom was a severe individual. At the point when previously acquainted with Laila, she wasn’t a fascinating character, yet once I studied her I had the option to feel her feelings in the book. It got confounding when it went from Mariam to Laila yet once getting use to of it, it was truly easy to fathom. I enjoyed how this was written in third individual yet was still exceptionally enlightening. This epic had the option to show what ladies need to suffer throughout everyday life, ladies in Afghanistan, yet everybody. I believe that the creator shouldn’t have composed Mariam’s passing the manner in which he did in light of the fact that it didn’t appear the correct route for her to kick the bucket in the wake of charming all that she had. In general an entirely decent book and I would prescribe it to anybody that’s intrigued on how individuals lives are the center east.

Essay Topics That Will Be Interesting to Your Essay

Essay Topics That Will Be Interesting to Your EssayChoosing essay topics that will prove beneficial to your research and make your assignments interesting and challenging are easy when you read Shakespeare's Sonnets. The topic chosen will depend on the type of assignment you are giving yourself, if it is a thesis or test essay, or if it is just for fun. However, a choice of topic can have an effect on how well your essay responds to other essays, even if it is only ten percent as influential as the type of assignment you choose. The following essay topics are some of the best choices.One of the easiest essay topics to work with is the structure of the Sonnets themselves. There are several different types of Sonnets, with everyone being very different. This makes it easy to pick a basic theme for your essay topic that can be related to all of them.Shakespeare makes a lot of references to his mother, Beatrice, which would make an interesting essay. You might choose a particular scene i n 'Sonnet X' to illustrate this. Or, you might even want to discuss why his mother is so important to him.A different type of essay topic is the subject matter of each of the Sonnets. In fact, it may not be necessary to include all four of these types of essays. Some essays deal with specific topics, such as the period of time in which he lived, how he created each poem, or the specific events in which he lived during his career. An example of this is 'Sonnet XI: Men in Distress'.It is also important to decide what you want to study. You might want to investigate how he created each of the Sonnets, how he used formal and informal styles, or how he wrote about the life of Elizabethan England. If you are a student that loves the history of literature, you might want to write an essay on a major event in the English history, such as the Battle of Hastings or the English Civil War.Once you know what the subject matter is going to be, you can begin the process of choosing the essay topic s. Most students have a broad idea of what type of essay they want to write, but a good place to start is by asking yourself questions. For example, do you enjoy writing about history?Another option is to look at the essay topics for essays with similar topics. For example, if you are studying the topic of love, you might look for essay topics that pertain to love stories. Or, if you are studying literature studies, you might choose topics based on the different types of novels.With a little bit of preparation, you can come up with a short essay on any topic you want. One of the most enjoyable parts of doing this kind of research is actually just sitting down and typing away, coming up with ideas on your own, and then finding the proper essay topic.

Misuse of Cell Phones - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1420 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Technology Essay Level High school Tags: Cell Phone Essay Did you like this example? Nomophobia is a term that the medical field has actually come up with for the behavioral addiction to cell phones. It translates to no mobile phone phobia and various other terms such as mobile phone dependence can be associated with this addiction. Susan Ladika addresses in the article, Technology Addiction, that those who are addicted to cell phones had more neurotransmitter activity in the region of the brain tied to rewards, mood regulation, and control of inhibition (5). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Misuse of Cell Phones" essay for you Create order The brain of those addicted is actually being altered. Smartphones encourage multitasking. However, no matter how much one may feel accomplished by multitasking, it has been proven that multitasking decreases the level of performance in all tasks. Unless someone is a genius, for most people, it is nearly impossible to divide their attention evenly and effectively between several tasks. One common example of multitasking is distracted driving. People feel enticed to look at their phones while in control of a vehicle. This proves to be extremely dangerous because driving requires undivided attention. Despite this being known as common knowledge, people still look at their phones while driving or even just stopped at a light. In the article The Smartphone Effect, Becca Broaddus reports that The United States Department of Transportation reported cell phones are involved in 1.6 million auto crashes each year that cause a half million injuries and take approximately 6,000 lives (12). Incr eased use of cell phones has also been proven to desensitize people to sensational content, such as violence, sex, and drugs. Never before has such content been so accessible and pervasive. Authors, Lt. Col. Dave Grossman and Gloria DeGaetano, point out in Stop Teaching Our Kids To Kill, that by age eighteen, a U.S. youth will have seen at last 40,000 stimulated murders and 200,000 acts of violence (15). This is all thanks to the media, in which violent videos draw in more revenue. The more one uses their phone, the higher the chance they use social media more often. According to Sherry Turkle, the author of Reclaiming Conversation, the pressure of appearing perfect and fabricating this perfect life is mentally and emotionally exhausting. Thus, misuse of cell phones leads to feelings of depression and social anxiety (25). Loss of focus, feeling of depression and anxiety, and the large chunk of time a cellular device takes from a person, all combined, lead to lower academic performance. School work is no longer at the forefront of students brains, but rather their cellphones or their feelings of sadness. Symptoms of cell phone dependence also include several disorders. Cell phones deliver instant gratification. A person can get a package from Amazon the next day, people respond to text messages within a few minutes, and so on. Ramanpreet Kaur and Saroj Sharma Nagpal explain how people who are impulsive are psychologically unable to choose delayed rewards which may offer more, over immediate ones. They neglect the consequences and only seek instant gains (Kaur and Nagpal 2). Such risky behavior can lead to dangerous situations. Nomophobia has also been related to textiety, which has been put forth by Charet Taneja in the article, The Psychology of Excessive Cellular Phone Use, to be the fear of not receiving or sending messages. This fear may be due to the underlying and greater fear of being isolated socially and ridiculed or ignored. As mentioned by Taneja, excessive cell phone use also leads to ringxiety and textaphrenia. These are disorders in which people experience an auditory h allucination in which they hear their phone ringing due to an incoming call. In reality, however, no such event occured. Furthermore, people may imagine feeling their phone vibrate in their pocket (2). When their cell phone is taken away, people who are addicted tend to get stressed and anxious. Their brain is insistently craving for that rush of dopamine. Such anxiety can make people lash out and be very moody. They feel on edge and can become angry and create tense situations with their fits of anger. Even though a withdrawal symptom does not encompass direct death, the quality of peoples lives is being affected. They invest their time towards a hand-held device, rather than investing in their familial, friend, romantic, and even intrapersonal relationship. Interpersonal skills relate to those set of skills which are essential for the positive communication between two people. These skills are used to help build and strengthen relationships and to work effectively with others. More time spent on online interactions leads to less empathy. For kids, especially, they are still learning right from wrong and often are unaware of the enormity of their actions. Now take phones which have messaging apps that guarantee anonymity. These kids can easily say mean words and not recognize that what they said was hurtful because they are unable to see the persons reaction in live-time. Instead, a screen greets them back as they feel comfortable in the confines of their home. Another form of neglect for face-to-face interactions is the habit of phubbing. Broaddus writes that phubbing, for example, is a situation where someone is using their phone while having a conversation with someone in the flesh (Broaddus 12). It gives the subliminal message, wheth er people mean it or not, that their phone is a little more important and worthy of their attention rather than the person they are talking to. The feelings of the other person may get hurt and the divided attention of the person phubbing leads to more superficial conversations with little direct eye contact. Consequently, both phubbing and a lack of empathy impede the growth of a relationship, and may even reverse its progression. This creates more opportunities for less trust, intimacy, and more lying in relationships overall. Some people may even get to the point where they cut off face-to-face interactions almost completely, and instead, spend all their time on their cell phones. These people feel that they have all they need and do not realize how crucial face-to-face interactions are for the human psyche. In the flesh interactions improve listening skills, conversation skills, allow people to learn how to stand up for themselves, and even lead to higher self-esteem. All these aspects of interpersonal skills work together to help build meaningful, strong connections. Due to an addiction to smartphones, intrapersonal skills are negatively impacted, and in turn, relationships are harmed. More conflicts and superficial relationships arise due to a person who is smartphone dependent. People swipe left and right, but there seems to an endless number of potential partners. This would be awkward in real life, but online, it is normalized. Such an environment, however, makes it more difficult to develop a secure and trusting relationship. Furthermore, according to Jeff Cain in the article, Its Time to Confront Student Mental Health Issues Associated with Smartphones and Social Media, online friendships lack emotional nourishment (2). Someone with six-hundred online friends can feel helplessly alone because compared to real-life relationships built upon face-to-face interactions, virtual relationships lack in meaning. There is no physical contact or eye contact over texting, which can reinforce a tender moment. Also, over text things can be edited, which hinders a persons ability to deal with others and express themselves clearly. Ultimately, texting and even talking over t he phone is drastically different from actually being together. A lack of empathy makes it much easier for kids to turn to cyber-bullying. In the book, Cyberbullying and the Wild Wild Web, author J.A. Hitchcock defines cyberbullying as the repeated communications online after the harasser has been asked to stop (15). They do not realize the enormity of the words they have said. Moreover, social media leads to more opportunities for drama to happen. This is because people can feel encouraged to keep stirring the pot. With the want to impress their friends and express dominance, kids bully other kids online. People have to be careful about what they do online because what they do will be online forever. Additionally, the right people can learn everything about a person from online. They can learn the name, friends, and even the location of the target. Cyberstalking is a serious situation, in which the police should be contacted. People are evidently aware of the threat. In a 2018 survey conducted by Deloitte, respondents expressed their greatest co ncern about sharing personal data with third parties and about usage of their personal data. 86 percent are very or fairly concerned about each one (Global 8). Privacy, along with the temptation to start drama and the viewing of sexual content needs to be kept under control. Otherwise, delinquent behaviors will arise and affect society.

What Is Geography - 1066 Words

What is geography to you? Well geography is the study of physical features of the earth and its atmospheres of human activity as it affects and is affected by this distribution of populations and resources.as well as land use and industries. Geography has do with many things such as history ,culture and society .the Japanese history, it has to do with feminist science it goes back further than all this . My topic about geography I have chosen to write about Mr. Christopher Columbus. Christopher Columbus was born in 1951 in genoa Italy. He was born into a middle class family. Although his childhood is limited to us we are aware that he was well educated. He also spoke several languages. Mr. Columbus was a very intelligent man from the start. Christopher Columbus chose to sail the world, he first took the sea at the age of 14.in 1479 he married a young lady named filipa Moniz. And in 1480 his son was born. He and his family lived in Lisbon until 1485.at that time something t ragic had happen to the family Mr. Columbus wife passed away. After she passed away Columbus decided to take his son Diego and move to Spain, he dearly missed his wife with no doubt in his mind so he chose to sail the western trade routes. Christopher believed that because the world was sphere any ship could reach the Far East and set up trades routing Asia just by sailing west. Christopher Columbus first voyage was on august 3, 1492 with three monarchs. He had three ships by the namesShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Environmental Geography? Essay944 Words   |  4 Pages Final Exam 1. What is environmental geography? 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Capital City: New Delhi Currency: Rupee [1 CAN$ = 50.09 Indian Rupee (INR)], 1 Rupee = 100 Paise Languages spoken: Hindi 41%, Bengali 8.1%, Telugu 7.2%, Marathi 7%, Tamil 5.9%, Urdu 5%, Gujarati 4.5%, Kannada 3.7%, Malayalam 3.2%, Oriya 3.2%, PunjabiRead MoreWhat Is The Geography Of Alberta885 Words   |  4 PagesAlbertas population is 4.146 million people. The province extends 1,223 kilometers Latitude, and 660 kilometers Longitud. Alberta highest point is Mount Logan with the height of 19,541 feet. The soil of the Province is fertile. The Province is mostly based on the Rocky Mountains, and the great plains. Alberta has not hot but warm summers and extremely cold winters. The province has cold arctic weather from the north. The winter produce extreme temperatures varying from −54 degrees celsius, In theRead MoreWhat Is The Geography Of The Us824 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States Geography The United States is located in the center of the North America continent. 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We are taken from a location where Brabantio is shocked to hear of law breaking and stealing happening What, tellst thou me of robbing? This is Venice, my house is not a grange to a place with an unstable political standing. Cyprus is ultimately unable to hold the culture and society of Venice within its realms, hence why the personalities of the nobleRead MoreWhat is geography? Author Alastair Bonnett attempts to answer this question in the b ook titled the700 Words   |  3 Pages What is geography? Author Alastair Bonnett attempts to answer this question in the book titled the same. He states that geography is a â€Å"human enterprise...[that] is an attempt to find and impose order.†1 He explores the many facets of geography that include history, political power, climate, and the humans that live throughout the world. The first two chapters explain in more detail about how geography is knowing the world through both political order and nature. The first chapter of Bonnett’sRead MoreWhat Part Did Geography Play During Rome s Ability Of Build An Empire?1112 Words   |  5 PagesHistory Discussion Questions Answer each of the following questions as you reach the lesson they relate to. You will submit the completed work file with lesson 7.08 1. (05.03) What part did geography play in Rome s ability to build an empire? Rome is located on the River Tiber, so from it has good trade access. It expanded to cover the Italian peninsular the Alps in the north formed a natural barrier against the French. It provided easy access to the southern part; it allowed trade to flourishRead MoreFeminist Geography1667 Words   |  7 PagesFeminist Geography Since its conception, geography has been involved in the development of races and genders, mapping the boundaries that separate and exclude the world of privilege from the other. The imposing eyes that facilitated this domination have recently been challenged to quash their perpetuation of racial difference, and although existing more obscurely, to challenge the sexist legacy remaining in geography. â€Å"As part of geography, feminist approaches within our

Analysis Of James Joyce s Dubliners - 1668 Words

Point of view (the perspective from which a story is told) has a significant role in how the characters and events in a given story are analyzed. The readers response to the literature depends greatly on the position of the author and/or narrator; whether he is on the outside looking in, or vise versa. The use of point of view also allows the author to convey a certain message or belief by allowing for other literary elements such as irony and sympathy . The point of view in literature is one of the central focuses for interpretation. Dubliners, by James Joyce is an outstanding example of how the use of point of view influences how characters and events are interpreted. Joyce writes the first three stories of Dubliners in the first person point of view, the rest are told in there person. Taking a look at a few of the short stories , Araby, Eveline, and Clay, it is obvious that Joyce s choice of narration as well as the complexity of how he carries out those narrations plays a signifi cant role in the analysis of his work. Araby is told in first person, from the point of view of the protagonist. Despite the first person narration in Araby, Joyce does little to convince readers that the story is told from a boy s perspective. On the contrary, actually, the narrator seemingly has the maturity of a man certainly beyond the experience of the narrator of the story. Joyce s way of narrating this story gives readers the ability to clearly identify the distress thatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of James Joyce s Dubliners Dubliners1633 Words   |  7 PagesBria LeeAnn Coleman ENG 299 Dr. Mark Facknitz October 12, 2015 Epiphanies in James Joyce’s Dubliners Characters in Dubliners experience revelations in their every day lives which James Joyce called epiphanies. Merriam Webster defines an epiphany as â€Å"an illuminating discovery, realization, or disclosure.† While word epiphany has a religious connotation, these epiphanies characters in Dubliners experience do not bring new experiences and possibility of reform that epiphanies usually have. Joyce’sRead More Paralysis in Dubliners Essay2290 Words   |  10 PagesIn his letters, Joyce himself has said that Dubliners was meant â€Å"to betray the soul of that hemiplegia or paralysis which many consider a city† (55). The paralysis he was talking about is the paralysis of action. The characters in Dubliners exemplify paralysis of action in their inability to escape their lives. 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Chartism or the Chartist Movement free essay sample

Peoples Charter of 1838: In 1837, six Members of Parliament and six working men, including William Lovett, (from the London Working Mens Association, set up in 1836) formed a committee, which then published the Peoples Charter in 1838. This stipulated the six main aims of the movement as:[1] 1. A vote for every man twenty-one years of age, of sound mind, and not undergoing punishment for crime. 2. The secret ballot. To protect the elector in the exercise of his vote. 3. No property qualification for members of Parliament thus enabling the constituencies to return the man of their choice, be the rich or poor. 4. Payment of members, thus enabling an honest tradesman, working man, or other person, to serve a constituency, when taken from his business to attend to the interests of the Country. 5. Equal Constituencies, securing the same amount of representation for the same number of electors, instead of allowing small constituencies to swamp the votes of large ones. We will write a custom essay sample on Chartism or the Chartist Movement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 6. Annual parliaments, thus presenting the most effectual check to bribery and intimidation, since though a constituency might be bought once in seven years (even with the ballot), no purse could buy a constituency (under a system of universal suffrage) in each ensuing twelve-month; and since members, when elected for a year only, would not be able to defy and betray their constituents as now. The Chartists obtained one and a quarter million signatures and presented the Charter to the House of Commons in 1839, where it was rejected by a vote of 235 to 46. Parliament, by a large majority, voted not even to hear the petitioners. Many of the leaders of the movement, having threatened to call a general strike, were arrested. When demonstrators marched on the prison at Newport, Monmouthshire, demanding the release of their leaders, troops opened fire, killing 24 and wounding 40 more. The leaders of the movement: John Frost, Henry Vincent and Samuel Holberry. 1842: Chartisms biggest petition and the General Strike 1842 was the year in which more energy was hurled against the authorities than in any other of the 19th century. [4] In early May, 1842, a further petition, of over three million signatures, was submitted, which was yet again rejected by Parliament. The depression of 1841–1842 led to a wave of strikes in which Chartist activists were in the forefront, and demands for the charter were included alongside economic demands. Workers went on strike in 14 English and 8 Scottish counties. Several Chartist leaders, including Feargus OConnor, George Julian Harney, and Thomas Cooper were arrested, along with nearly 1,500 others. The 1848 petition On 10 April 1848, a new Chartist Convention organised a mass meeting on Kennington Common, which would form a procession to present another petition to Parliament. The original plan of the Chartists, if the petition was ignored, was to create a separate national assembly and press the Queen to dissolve parliament until the charter was introduced into law. However the Chartists were plagued with indecision and the national assembly eventually dissolved itself, claiming lack of support. But it was the end of the movement. And finally I’d like to remark that the apparent failure of Chartism as a political movement in the mid-19th century proved to be temporary. Five of the six points in the Charter were adopted by 1918.

Verbal-Text as a Process of Compositional and Improvisational Elaboration in Litungu Music Essay Example

Verbal-Text as a Process of Compositional and Improvisational Elaboration in Litungu Music Essay VERBAL-TEXT AS A PROCESS OF COMPOSITIONAL AND IMPROVISATIONAL ELABORATION IN BUKUSU LITUNGU MUSIC by ABIGAEL NANCY MASASABI Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF MUSICOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: DR MARIE R. JORRITSMA CO- SUPERVISOR: DR FLORENCE NGALE MIYA MAY 2011 i DECLARATION Student number: 3658-166-6 I declare that VERBAL-TEXT AS A PROCESS OF COMPOSITIONAL AND IMPROVISATIONAL ELABORATION IN BUKUSU LITUNGU MUSIC is my own work and that all sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. _______________________ SIGNATURE (Miss A N Masasabi) ______________ DATE ii DEDICATION To the late Japheth Muia Mutangili and my daughter Grace Buyanzi. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would not have been accomplished without the moral and professional support of a number of individuals. I am particularly grateful to my supervisors for their patience, support and guidance. I thank Dr Marie Jorritsma for her perceptiveness in matters of theoretical content, language and organization. Her careful reading and criticisms led to substantial improvement in the quality of this thesis. I am also indebted to my second supervisor Dr Florence Ngale Miya whose comments and suggestions were a source of inspiration. Dr Miya‘s encouragement and her confidence in my ability kept me going throughout my work. I thank Dr Kidula for taking time to critique my thesis, directing me to books relevant to my study and for sending me a number of articles that enhanced my thesis. I thank Dr and Prof Tamusuza for insightful criticisms to the theory, method and terminologies used in my thesis. I also thank Dr Kilonzo for her encouragement and for proofreading my thesis. We will write a custom essay sample on Verbal-Text as a Process of Compositional and Improvisational Elaboration in Litungu Music specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Verbal-Text as a Process of Compositional and Improvisational Elaboration in Litungu Music specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Verbal-Text as a Process of Compositional and Improvisational Elaboration in Litungu Music specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In addition I would like to appreciate Dr Omondi Okech for editing my thesis. I would also like to acknowledge the assistance of Fred Wekesa Kusienya and Isaac Shitubi who made my fieldwork much easier. They helped me to identify interviewees and escorted me during my fieldwork. Shitubi was instrumental during the interview process and Kusienya assisted me by verifying the translations of songs from Lubukusu to English. I appreciate the cooperation I received from my interviewees who included members of the Jackson Kisika Band, the Namatete Band, the Sinani Group Band, the Lugulu Bumusika Band and the Kwane Band. Many thanks go to my parents Cleophas Masasabi and Grace Masasabi, my brothers Richard and Wellington, and sisters Catherine and Dorcas for their support and inspiration. Special thanks to my mother for taking care of my baby Grace as I was busy collecting data. Finally, I appreciate the almighty God for giving me strength and the sound mind to undertake this study. iv ABSTRACT The Bukusu community is predominantly found in Bungoma district of Western Kenya. The Litungu is a word referring to a lyre among the Bukusu community. Music accompanied by this instrument is what is referred to as Litungu music. This music makes use of sung text and â€Å"verbal-text†/ silao-sikeleko (speech and speech-melody) and silao-sikeleko is the focal point of this study. Silao-sikeleko is performed in alternation with sung text in Litungu music. This study seeks to identify the cultural and compositional role of silao-sikeleko in the music. To achieve the objectives of this study I used a qualitative approach to collect and analyze data. Data collection included the use of interviews and observation. The interviewees included performers of Litungu music, whose music was audio recorded and video recorded for analysis. In addition, I made observations of the performance sites and performance behaviour, taking notes and making audio and video recording. Music for analysis was then selected on the basis that it had the silao-sikeleko component. The Bukusu cultural view of silao-sikeleko is discussed in relation to their customs and way of life. The execution of silao-sikeleko is based on a culturally conceived framework that allows the involvement of various performers in the performance composition process. Here the contexts within which silao-sikeleko is performed are identified. Analysis of the relationship between sung text and silao-sikeleko established that whereas the two are thematically unified, silaosikeleko substantiates the sung texts by facilitating an understanding of messages contained in the songs. The analysis of language use ascertained that silao-sikeleko makes use of language devices such as proverbs, idioms, symbolism, riddles and similes. I established that silao-sikeleko as a performance compositional element has its own presentational structure that influences the overall structure of the Litungu music. Litungu music has a quasi-rondoic structure whose output is not static but varies according to context and the wishes of the soloist. The soloist interprets how effectively a given message has been communicated during performance determining how much silao-sikeleko should be performed. Silao-sikeleko is in most cases composed and performed by various members of a performing group. Key terms: Kenyan music, Bukusu music, Bukusu culture, Litungu music, silao-sikeleko, performance composition, music composition, song text, music structure, improvisation. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION . ii DEDICATION . iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .. iv ABSTRACT ILLUSTRATIONS ix LIST OF FIGURES . ix LIST OF TABLES . x LIST OF PLATES . DEFINITION OF TERMS xi CHAPTER ONE .. 1 INTRODUCTION .. 1 1. 1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY .. 1 1. 1. 1 Who are the Bukusu? .. 2 1. 1. 1. 1 Bukusu Origin and Settlement 3 1. 1. 1. 2 The Bukusu Family and Social Life 6 1. 1. 2 Bukusu Litungu Music .. 10 1. 1. 2. 1. Litungu Music in the Community . 0 1. 1. 2. 2. Gender Issues in Litungu Music 11 1. 1. 2. 3. Construction of the Litungu . 12 1. 1. 2. 4. Litungu Performance Technique and Ensemble 14 1. 2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM . 19 1. 3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES .. 0 1. 4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 20 1. 5 RATIONALE AND SIGNIFICANCE . 21 1. 6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION . 22 1. 7 THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK . 23 CHAPTER TWO .. 8 LITERATURE REVIEW . 28 2. 1 INTRODUCTION .. 28 2. 2 COMPOSITIONAL ELEMENTS IN AFRICAN MUSICS . 28 2. 3 SONG TEXTS AND SILAO-SIKELEKO 38 2. 4 CREATIVE PROCESS IN AF RICAN MUSIC .. 44 2. CONCLUSION . 48 CHAPTER THREE . 49 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 49 3. 1 INTRODUCTION .. 49 3. 2 RESEARCH DESIGN .. 49 3. POPULATION AND SAMPLING 50 3. 3. 1 Target population . 50 3. 3. 2 Purposive sampling . 50 3. 3. 3 Snowball sampling .. 51 3. 4 DATA COLLECTION . 2 vi 3. 4. 1 Fieldwork 53 3. 4. 2 Interview method . 54 3. 4. 3 Observation . 56 3. 4. 4 Note taking .. 56 3. 4. 5 Audio and video ecording.. 57 3. 4. 6 Photography .. 57 3. 5 DATA PROCESSING, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION.. 58 3. 8 CONCLUSION . 58 CHAPTER FOUR . 0 FORMAL STRUCTURE OF LITUNGU MUSIC 60 4. 1 INTRODUCTION .. 60 4. 2 SILAO-SIKELEKO STRUCTURE . 61 4. 2. 1 Narration . 62 4. 2. 2 Dialogue by Two People. 3 4. 2. 3 Dialogue by More Than Two People 64 4. 3 OCCURRENCE OF SILAO-SIKELEKO. 67 4. 4 THE CONSTRUCTION OF INSTRUMENTAL PHRASES .. 71 4. 5 OVERALL FORM OF LITUNGU MUSIC .. 79 4. 7 CONCLUSION . 2 CHAPTER FIVE .. 94 THE CULTURAL ROLE OF SILAO-SIKELEKO IN BUKUSU LITUNGU MUSIC . 94 5. 1 I NTRODUCTION .. 94 5. 2 THE ORIGIN OF THE SILAO-SIKELEKO ELEMENT IN LITUNGU MUSIC .. 95 5. 3 CONTEXT OF SILAO-SIKELEKO IN LITUNGU MUSIC .. 97 5. CULTURAL FUNCTION OF SILAO-SIKELEKO IN LITUNGU MUSIC 105 5. 4. 1 Introduction and Acknowledge Personalities 105 5. 4. 2 Education . 108 5. 4. 3 Self Expression . 113 5. 4. 4 Social Commentary. 113 5. CONCLUSION .. 121 CHAPTER SIX 123 SUNG TEXT AND SILAO-SIKELEKO . 123 6. 1 INTRODUCTION 123 6. 2 THEMATIC ROLE OF SILAO-SIKELEKO .. 24 6. 3 QUANTITY OF SILAO-SIKELEKO IN LITUNGU MUSIC . 136 6. 4 LANGUAGE USE 141 6. 4. 1. Prose vs Poetry. 143 6. 4. 3. Imagery 145 6. 4. 6. Proverbs and Sayings 48 6. 4. 7. Symbolism . 152 6. 4. 9. Riddle .. . 155 6. 4. 10. Idiomatic Expression . 156 6. 4. 11. Allegory 156 6. 5. WORDS DEPICTING RELATIONSHIPS 158 6. 6 CONCLUSION .. 160 CHAPTER SEVEN .. 163 vii PERFORMANCE COMPOSITION IN BUKUSU LITUNGU MUSIC 163 7. 1 INTRODUCTION 63 7. 2 PREREQUISITES FOR THE IMPROVISATIONAL PROCESS . 165 7. 2. 1 Prolonged Exposure to Music 167 7. 2. 2 Knowledge and Mastery of Lubukusu .. 171 7. 2. 3. Knowledge of Cultural Environment and Events .. 173 7. 2. 4. Presence and Maturity of Audience .. 174 7. 2. 5. Intra-Group and Inter-Group Interaction 175 7. 2. 6. Knowledge of Instrumental Genre . 176 7. 3 THE CONSTANT AND VARIED FEATURES OF LITUNGU MUSIC .. 177 7. 4 THE CREATIVE PROCESSES 188 7. 5 CONCLUSION .. 193 CHAPTER EIGHT .. 195 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.. 195 8. 1 SUMMARY . 195 8. 2 CONCLUSIONS 195 8. 3 RECOMMENDATIONS .. 99 BIBLIOGRAPHY .. 201 APPENDIX I 216 SONGS IN LUBUKUSU AND THEIR TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH 216 APPENDIX II .. 252 CONSENT FORM FOR RESEARCH ASSISTANTS .. 52 APPENDIX III . 254 CONSENT FORM FOR INTERVIEWEES . 254 APPENDIX 1V 255 INTERVIEW QUESTIONS . 55 APPENDIX V .. 256 FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION INTERVIEW GUIDE 256 APPENDIX VI. 257 INDEX TO AUDIO CD . 257 viii ILLUSTRATIONS LIST OF FIGURES 1. 1 Map of Kenya showing the location of Bungoma district 1. An Example of a Seven-Stringed Litungu Scalic Pattern 1. 3. An Example of an Eight-Stringed Litungu Scalic Pattern 1. 4. An Example of a Twelve-Stringed Litungu Scalic Pattern 1. 5 Interpretation of R egula Qureshi’s performance model of musical analysis 4. 1 Chingubo by the Lugulu Bumusika Band showing Isiriri and Litungu phrases 4. 2 First variation performed by the Isiriri in the song Chingubo (Lubao 2007) 4. 3 Second variation performed by the Isiriri in the song Chingubo (Lubao 2007) 4. 4 Solo-response of the song entitled Chingubo against instrumental accompaniment 4. a Litungu phrase of the song entitled Endakano (Lubao 2007) 4. 5b Isiriri phrase of the song entitled Endakano (Lubao 2007) 4. 6 Litungu phrase of the song Mayi (Namatete 2007) 4. 7 Resultant instrumental music of the song Mayi (Namatete 2007) 4. 8 Call and Response excerpt from the song Ewuyo Ino (Mukubwa 2007) 4. 9 Call and Refrain excerpt from the song Nekoye (Manyali 2000) 4. 10 Solo and Chorused Refrain excerpt from the song Ewuyo Ino (Mukubwa 2007) 4. 11 Strophic form excerpt from the song Namulobi (Namatete 2007) 4. 12 Background, middle ground and foreground features of Litungu music 7. An excer pt from the song Eswa by the Kwane Band 7. 2 Ewuyo Ino theme by the Kwane Band 7. 3. Ewuyo Ino vocal theme by the Lugulu Bumusika Band 4 14 14 14 26 73 74 74 75 76 76 77 77 82 82 82 83 91 170 177 178 7. 4 Relationship between the vocal melody and the drone as performed by Kwane Band 179 7. 5 New vocal melody introduced by Kwane Band in the song Ewuyo Ino 7. 6 Lugulu Bumusika Band’s first new melody in the song Ewuyo Ino 7. 7 The Lugulu Bumusika Band’s second new melody in the song Ewuyo Ino 7. 8 Mayi Muro by the Kisika Band 179 179 180 181 7. Excerpt of the song Mayi Muro showing the relationship between the vocal melody and the instrumental part as performed by Kwane Band 7. 10 Vocal melody of the song Mayi Muro as performed by Lugulu Bumusika Band ix 181 181 7. 11 The Kwane Band’s new material to the song Mayi Muro 7. 12 Opening excerpt of the song Kulukulu wa Bwabi as performed by Kwane Band 7. 13 Opening excerpt of the song Kulukulu wa Bwabi by the Lugulu Bu musika Band 7. 14 Thematic melody of the song Kulukulu wa Bwabi 7. 15 Thematic variation of Kulukulu wa Bwabi by Kwane Band LIST OF TABLES 4. Frequency of silao-sikeleko in Bukusu Litungu music 4. 2 Structure of songs 4. 3 The first quasi-rondoic form presentation 4. 4 Structure of the first presentation of quasi-rondoic form in the song Nekoye 4. 5 Structure of the first presentation of quasi-rondoic form in the song Mayi muro 4. 6 Structure of the first presentation of quasi-rondoic form in the song Ewuyo Ino 4. 7 Structure of the second quasi-rondoic form presentation in the song Yekamakhanya 4. 8 Structure of the second quasi-rondoic form presentation in the song Lijembe 4. Structure of the third presentation of quasi-rondoic form in the song Namulobi 4. 10 Structure of the third presentation of quasi-rondoic form in the song Endakano 6. 1A Quantity of silao-sikeleko and sung text 6. 1B Percentage of silao-sikeleko by group 6. 2 Length of silao-sikeleko in Litungu 182 184 185 18 6 186 69 80 87 87 88 88 89 89 90 90 137 138 139 LIST OF PLATES 1A Parts of the Litungu. Photograph taken by Nancy Masasabi, on 7th May 2010 1B Playing position of the Litungu, demonstrated by Wekesa Kusienya. 2 The Isiriri. Photograph taken by Nancy Masasabi, on 6th February 2007 3 Siiye. Photograph taken by Nancy Masasabi, on 6th February 2007 4 The improvised drum played by Wekesa Kusienya 5 First structure of silao-sikeleko 6 Second structure of silao-sikeleko 7 Third structure of silao-sikeleko 8 Kwane Band, Sylvester Mukubwa on the Litungu and Caleb Wangila on the Isiriri 13 15 17 17 18 64 65 68 163 x DEFINITION OF TERMS Abaluhya This word refers to a community in Western Kenya. The word is used interchangeably with the words Baluhya, and Luhya to mean the same thing. Composition As a product, compositions are musical concepts that have been assimilated and are integral to a Bukusu musician. They are called upon to inform the process of music making. As a process composition is the act of formulating new musical ideas within the Bukusu musical cultural genre. The ideas are mainly conceived and rehearsed before the actual performance. Dominant The fifth tone on the fifth open string, a perfect fifth from the referential tone. Improvisation Creation of music in the course of performance; this is similar to extemporization. Improvised drum This is a plastic water container turned upside down whose base is struck by sticks to produce rhythmic accompaniment in Litungu music. It is used instead of the traditional drum called Efumbo. Khulaa-khukeleka To verbalize or utter the speech and speech-melody sections of Bukusu Litungu music. Mediant The third tone of the third open string, a major third from the referential tone. xi Omukeleki The person who speaks or performs speech-melody in Litungu music. In plural they are called Bakeleki. Performance composition This is the process of formulating new musical ideas as variations of the existing melodies and silao-sikeleko within a given context during performance. Quasi-rondoic A musical form that is similar to rondo form with some deviations from the conventional rondo format. It does not always start with an â€Å"a† section alternating with other sections (b, c, d, and so on). Silao-sikeleko Silao-sikeleko encompasses speech and speech-melody as musical elements in Litungu music. The term is used as a synonym to verbal-text. Subdominant The fourth tone on the fourth open string, a perfect fourth from the referential tone. Supertonic The second tone, on the second open string, a major second from the referential tone. Tonic This is the referential tone in Litungu music which is normally on the first open string of the Litungu from the left. xii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Performance composition and/or improvisation are common characteristic features of musics on the African continent. 1 Performance composition refers to the creative perspective of music during a performance in a given socio-cultural context. Such a process is facilitated by the fact that musics from oral cultures are not notated but passed on orally from on e generation to another, thus memory is essential. This study is based on the Bukusu people’s Litungu music. The Bukusu culture has been transmitted orally thus the musicians who are cultural transmitters depend heavily on their memory. Within this culture musical composition can be perceived as products and processes. As a product, compositions are musical concepts that have been assimilated and are integral to a Bukusu musician. They are called upon to inform the process of music making. As a process composition is the act of formulating new musical ideas within the Bukusu musical cultural genre. The ideas are mainly conceived and rehearsed before the actual performance. In the process of performance, anyone listening to Litungu music cannot escape hearing verbal-text/ silao-sikeleko as part of the musical experience. The occurrence of silaosikeleko in Litungu music is as captivating as it is educative and appears many times in the performances of this musical genre. Silao-sikeleko is a term I use to refer to both speech and speech-melody. My study of Litungu music separates sung text from speech and speech-melody. The speech aspect of silao-sikeleko is performed as narrations and/or dialogue. I have preferred to consider speech-melody as part of silao-sikeleko for three reasons. First, the amount of text used and the rate at which words unfold as speech-melody are similar to that of speech. Second, speech and speech-melody unfold in prose, and third, speech-melody and speech in Litungu music are so intertwined that it is sometimes not easy to separate the two when listening to the music. For a further discussion of performance composition and improvisation as used in this thesis refer to chapter seven. 1 1 In order to understand the compositional process, I analyze how silao-sikeleko is composed and performed, and also where and when silao-sikeleko occurs in Litungu music. In this regard, the study perceives silao-sikeleko as a musical element and relates it to other musical elements within Litungu music. Furthermore, there is emphasis on the comparison between silao-sikeleko and sung text, because both silao-sikeleko and sung text are made up of words. I also analyze the instrumental phrases over which silao-sikeleko is performed. Once the relationship between silao-sikeleko and other musical elements within Litungu music is established, it becomes easier to identify the function of silao-sikeleko in the music. Even though silao-sikeleko is both a process and a product, my study concentrates primarily on silao-sikeleko as a process of performance composition. As a product, silao-sikeleko normally exists after the performance has been completed in the minds of the audience and the performers. Likewise, the recordings of Litungu music obtained during my fieldwork also contain examples of silao-sikeleko as the products of the performance compositional events. As a process, silaosikeleko keeps unfolding during the performance composition of Litungu music. A song performed on different occasions by the same band has different words as silao-sikeleko but the song theme is maintained. The performance composition of silao-sikeleko takes place within the Bukusu socio-cultural environment. To create relevant social context, the following sections describe the Bukusu people and their cultural beliefs and practices that affect the performance of silao-sikeleko. This is then followed by a discussion of Bukusu music and Litungu music in particular. 1. 1. 1 Who are the Bukusu? The Bukusu, who call themselves â€Å"Babukusu†, are a sub-tribe of the Abaluhya community, who migrated from the region around Cameroon as part of the large group of Bantu-speaking people. They moved eastwards to what is presently central Uganda and then settled around the Mount Elgon. From there they settled in their current location (Makila 1978: 26). In Kenya, the Abaluhya settled mainly in western Kenya and parts of the Rift valley. With regard to social communication, the Luluhya language consists of seventeen dialects with the prefix â€Å"Ava†, â€Å"Aba† or â€Å"Ba† depending on the Luhya dialect of origin. Apart from the Babukusu dialect, the other sub-tribes are Bamarachi, Bakhayo, Babedakho, Babesukha, Batiriki, Basamia, Banyole, 2 Barakoli, Bawanga, Bamarama, Bakisa, Bamateka, Bachocho, Bakabarasi, Batachoni and Banyala (Wanyama 2006: 1-3). Even though the sub-tribes are many and appear different, they do have some similarities in their cultural practices (Gwako 1998: 176). For instance, they believe in God whom they call â€Å"Were† or â€Å"Nyasaye† depending on dialect; they name their children after climatic conditions or major social events; they practise male circumcision as a rite of passage; and they have lengthy greetings as exemplified by Salome Nanyama’s greeting dialogue on page 8 and 9. More significant to this study is the fact that the sub-tribes also share some melodies but with slightly different words due to the close geographical location of the sub-tribes. 2 A common instrument among them is the one-stringed fiddle called eshilili, isiriri, siiriri or kiiriri, depending on the dialect. 1. 1. 1. 1 Bukusu Origin and Settlement The Bukusu have a myth that serves to explain their origin, namely, that Wele Khakaba (God) created Mwambu (man) out of mud. He also created a wife for him called Sela (Makila 1986: 1823). The stories about Mwambu and Sela as the fore-fathers are narrated in Bukusu music as both silao-sikeleko and sung text (see the song Sellah in Appendix 1, page

Famous Quotes From Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut

Famous Quotes From Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut Slaughterhouse-Five is an anti-war novel by Kurt Vonnegut. The work was first published in 1969, and its considered an American classic. Semi-autobiographical in nature, the novel is drawn from the Vonneguts war-time experiences in World War II. As a prisoner of war, Vonnegut survived the American bombing of Dresden, Germany.   Slaughterhouse-Five Quotes And even if the wars didnt keep coming like glaciers, there would still be plain old death.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 1 As a trafficker in climaxes and thrills and characterization and wonderful dialogue and suspense and confrontations, I had outlined the Dresden story many times.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 1 At that time, they were teaching that there was absolutely no difference between anybody. They may be teaching that still.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 1 The nicest veterans in Schenectady, I thought, the kindest and funniest ones, the ones who hated war the most, were the ones whod really fought.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 1 We went to the New York Worlds Fair, saw what the past had been like, according to the Ford Motor Car Company and Walt Disney, saw what the future would be like, according to General Motors. And I asked myself about the present: how wide it was, how deep it was, how much was mine to keep.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 1 He is in a constant state of stage fright, he says, because he never knows what part of his life he is going to have to act in next.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 2 All this responsibility at such an early age made her a bitchy flibbertigibbet.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 2 They crawled into a forest like the big, unlucky mammals they were.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 2 It is, in the imagination of combats fans, the divinely listless loveplay that follows the orgasm of victory. It is called mopping up.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 3 God grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, courage to change the things I can, and wisdom to always tell the difference.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 3 The legs of those who stood were like fence posts driven into a warm, squirming, farting, sighing earth. The queer earth was a mosaic of sleepers who nestled like spoons.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 3 I am a Tralfamadorian, seeing all time as you might see a stretch of the Rocky Mountains. All time is all time. It does not change. It does not lend itself to warnings or explanations. It simply is.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 4 My Godwhat have they done to you, lad? This isnt a man. Its a broken kite.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 5 So they were trying to re-invent themselves and their universe... Science fiction was a big help.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 5 And on and on it went that duet between the dumb, praying lady and the big, hollow man who was so full of loving echoes.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 5 The skyline was intricate and voluptuous and enchanted and absurd. It looked like a Sunday school picture of Heaven to Billy Pilgrim.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 6 In my prison cell I sit,/ With my britches full of shit,/ And my balls are bouncing gently on the floor./ And I see the bloody snag/ When she bit me in the bag./ Oh Ill never fuck a Polack any more.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 7 There are no characters in this story and almost no dramatic confrontations because most of the people in it are so sick and so much the listless playthings of enormous forces. One of the main effects of war, after all, is that people are discouraged from being characters. But old Derby was a character now.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 8 Rumfoord was thinking in in military manner: that an inconvenient person, one whose death he wished for very much, for practical reasons, was suffering from a repulsive disease.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 9 The cattle are lowing,/ The Baby awakes./ But the little Lord Jesus/ No crying he makes.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 9 Everything is all right, and everybody has to do exactly what he does.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 9 If what Billy Pilgrim learned from the Tralfamadorians is true, that we will all live forever, no matter how dead we may sometimes seem to be, I am not overjoyed. Stillif I am going to spend eternity visiting this moment and that, Im grateful that so many of those moments are nice.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 10

Causes of PM2.5 in China Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Causes of PM2.5 in China - Research Proposal Example This paper illustrates that being a modestly developed nation from earlier times, China went into an active phase of economic expansion from the 1970s and emerged as one of the prominent world economies by the turn of the century. Further aided by international trade agencies’ removal of trade barriers, China brought down its â€Å"iron curtain† thereby facilitating both inward and outward flow of investments. â€Å"Nowadays China is one of the worlds top exporters and is attracting record amounts of foreign investment. In turn, it is investing billions of dollars abroad†. Still being a socialist market economy, China has become the second largest economy in terms of nominal GDP, and the fastest-growing economy achieving growth rates of over 10 percent for the past three decades. â€Å"With a population of 1.3 billion, China recently became the second largest economy and is increasingly playing an important and influential role in the global economy†. This optimal economic growth has led to a number of benefits for its people and the nation as a whole including elevated lifestyle, increased purchasing power, development of finest infrastructures, and many more. However, this economic ascendance has also caused a number of challenges, with environmental degradation and the resultant health issues being the prominent one. China’s economy is mainly fuelled by its manufacturing sector, but this sector primarily emits a number of dangerous materials affecting the environment. Furthermore, China’s fast-growing economy has accentuated its energy demand, with environmentally-destructive coal being used to meet the rising demands. So, increased economic activity has gravely affected the natural environment causing a number of health problems to the Chinese people including life-threatening diseases such as cancers, heart diseases, respiratory problems, and others. Treating these health issues drain the exchequer’s money t hereby in a way sizably affecting or even nullifying the economic growth. More than this issue, the basic aspect of any economic growth is that it should elevate and safeguard people’s lives and not be a detriment.

Attachment theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Attachment theory - Essay Example The principal postulate in the context of research on attachment in human infants is that an infant depicts secure attachment, only if its needs are responded to in a sensitive manner by its parent. Analogously, insecure attachment can be attributed to insensitive response by a parent (Acton). One researcher, namely Ainsworth, opined that there were two types of insecure attachment, namely, ambivalent and avoidant. Thereupon, this classification of infant behavior, as ambivalent, avoidant and resistant was applied to such behavior. According to this perception, a secure infant tries to come into contact, attempts to come near a parent, or greets a parent who is at a distance from it. On the other hand, an infant of the avoidant category attempts to evade a parent. Finally, an infant that has been classified as resistant or ambivalent displays its hostility towards a parent, either in an active or passive manner (Acton). The attachment theory is not restricted to the emotional response in infants, but also to obtain a proper perception of unhappiness, love and solitude amongst adults. The various styles, regarding attachment, found in adult are a consequence of the working models of that person, which had formed during that person’s early years, after birth (Acton). A person whose perception of secure attachment has been developed is likely to behave in a manner that is culturally acceptable. As such, when people, who are in each other’s presence, communicate with each other, they tend to be courteous and agreeable, irrespective of their identities. Whereas, the very same individuals, may not depict such behavior if they are communicating from a distance or in some symbolic fashion. In a study on Israeli Jewish students, it was discovered that a primed secure attachment enhanced appreciation for benevolence and universalism. Moreover, universalism was seen to be

Five Forces Model Of The Airline Industry Tourism Essay

Five Forces Model Of The Airline Industry Tourism Essay The bargaining power of buyers is another force that can affect the competitive position of a company (Porter, 1998, p.48). This refers to the amount of pressure customers can place on a business, thus, affecting its prices, volume and profit potential (Porter, 1998, p.45). The various airlines flying from the Gold Coast airport are competing for the same customer, which also results in strengthening the buyer power. Individuals wishing to travel to and from the Coolangatta airport are presented with various choices when selecting an airline but price is usually the most important factor, especially for students and families. Hence, the bargaining power of customers in the airline industry is very high since they are price sensitive and search for the best deals available. Virgin Blue attracts travellers that are price sensitive by offering them low fares and those that are convenience oriented by providing them with frequent flights. Qantas on the other hand has created a frequent f lyer program to create switching costs which may be a significant factor to a traveller when choosing which airline to fly with. In addition to buyers, suppliers can also exercise considerable pressure on a company by increasing prices or lowering the quality of products offered. The bargaining power of suppliers depends on supplier concentration, substitute supplies, switching costs, threat of forward integration and buyer information (http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au, 14 April 2008) Suppliers within the airline industry are concentrated since Boeing and Airbus are the main suppliers (http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au, 14 April 2008) As the supplier industry is dominated by Boeing and Airbus the concentration undermines the ability of airlines such as Virgin Blue to exercise control over suppliers and earn higher profits. Since Virgin Blue has a fleet of 53 Boeing 737 aircraft its supplier has a high bargaining power over Virgin Blue (http://www.virginblue.com.au/AboutUs/index.htm, April 12, 2008). However, other suppliers who work with the airline such as the providers of on board snacks do not have the same bargaining power as they are a larger industry which allows for Virgin Blue to have a choice over who they are purchasing from. Virgin Blue will purchase their on board snacks from the supplier which is the most economic so Virgin Blue can make a higher profit margin from the goods when they are sold. The availability and threat of substitutes is another factor that can affect competition within the airline industry. It refers to the likelihood that customers may switch to another product or service that performs similar functions (Stahl, M, Grigsby D 1997, pg 145). Substitutes for air travel include travelling by train, bus or car to the desired destination. The degree of this threat depends on various factors such as money, convenience, time and personal preference of travellers. The competition from substitutes is affected by the ease of with which buyers can change over to a substitute. A key consideration is usually the buyers switching costs, however due to their low fare non-stop flights, Virgin Blue, Jetstar and Tiger airways can lure both price sensitive and convenience oriented travellers away from these substitutes. Virgin Blue has actually joined forces with its substitutes, such as car rentals and hotel and tour packages as they believe that these complement the Airli ne Industry by helping its growth and popularity. No other travel industry has such incentives and these really help the airline industry to a large extent. The final force in Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model is competitive rivalry that describes the intensity of competition between established firms in an industry (Stahl, M, Grigsby D 1997, pg 148). Industries that are very competitive generally earn low profits and returns since the cost of competition is high (Stahl, M, Grigsby D 1997, pg 148). 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In conclusion we can understand that the airline industry is very competitive and Michael Porters five-forces model can be used to explain why the potential for returns is so low in this industry. Firstly, the threat of new companies entering the industry is high and the entry barriers are low. Secondly, the bargaining power of customers is high since they are price sensitive and search for the best deals. The third force, bargaining position of suppliers, is strong since they are concentrated and this limits the control airlines have over suppliers to reduce prices and earn higher profits. The availability and threat of substitutes is another factor that can affect a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competitive position. However, the degree of this threat depends on various factors such as time, money, convenience and personal preferences of travellers. The final force in Porters model is competitive rivalry between the companies within an industry. Cut-throat competition exists among the airlines and since there is a constant struggle for market share, the over all profit potential of this industry is low.

The Economic Future in the Year 2000 :: essays papers

The Economic Future in the Year 2000 The economy has performed exceptionally well for the past several years, combining rapid growth and very low unemployment with declining inflation. â€Å"Not only has the expansion achieved record length, but it has done so with far stronger growth than expected,† stated Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan in his remarks to the National Community Reinvestment Coalition annual conference in Washington (Business Week, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Economic Outlook, March 6,2000). Figures show that since 1996, the growth of GDP has averaged more than 4 percent, compared with an average of about 3 percent since 1973. Because of those four years of rapid growth, the unemployment rate has fallen to 4.1 percent, its lowest level since January 1970. Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation, excluding food and energy prices, had been vacillating at about 3 percent per year earlier in the decade but was roughly 2 percent over the past year (Bank of America, Economic in Brief, November 1, 1999). Much of the auspicious recent economic developments can be attributed to a surge in productivity growth. Alan Greenspan noted in his statement that output per hour in the non-financial corporate sector had increased since 1995 at nearly double the average pace of the preceding 25 years (First Union, Monthly Economic Outlook, March 7, 2000). This rapid productivity growth allowed the economy to grow at a faster pace without raising the rate of inflation. However, the growth of consumer demand is exceeding the increase of productivity—boosting employment, tightening labor markets, and raising concerns that recent growth rates may not be sustainable without sparking a rise in inflation. After spending the past several years, extolling the virtues of improved productivity in allowing higher growth with less inflation, the Federal Reserve Chairman, seemed to turn the tables in his Humphrey Hawkins testimony, stating that the spurt in productivity has produced expectation of hi gher profit growth, which, in turn, have resulted in higher equity valuations. That surge in equity prices is seen as the primary driver of the â€Å"wealth effect†, which he believes has created an â€Å"imbalance† between demand and supply, raising inflation pressures (Business Week, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Economic Outlook, March 6,2000). Speculations of this occurrence may over the long term indicate that the higher the trend growth of productivity, the lower the inflation rate—due to the restraint of labor costs.

Human history Essay

Human history has witnessed numerous examples of wars. Our history has taught us that wars are unique by nature. Different philosophers at different times were trying to generate solid philosophical understandings of what war and strategy were. As a result, we possess sufficient theoretical basis for discussing the philosophical foundations of war, yet we have not been able to predict our military failures. After the end of WWII the world has finally taken a deep breath, and people were confident that violence would never enter their lives again. However, we are still surrounded by constant risks of war, and continue witnessing the acts of violence, and murders. Certainly, contemporary wars are completely different from those at the beginning of the 20th century: the development of the new weaponry types and communication technologies, have turned the simplest military actions into highly sophisticated acts. The war in Iraq has critically impacted the military balance in the world, and it is interesting to see, how Iraqi war would be explained through the prism of various philosophic works. Clausewitz: On War Carl von Clausewitz has written a well grounded research on the philosophy of war. His theoretical assumptions make it possible to distinguish philosophic implications of military actions. Having evaluated what war is, Clausewitz was able to create a general structure of war, and I think that his ideas are easily applied to the issues of the war in Iraq. â€Å"War is nothing but a duel on an extreme scale. If we would conceive as a unit the countless number of duels which make up a war, we shall do so best by supposing to ourselves two wrestlers. Each strives by physical force to compel the other to submit his will to his will: each endeavours to throw his adversary, and thus render him incapable of further resistance† (Clausewitz 1989, p. 4). Although, this Clausewitz’ definition is very objective, grounded, and universally applicable (any war implies the fight of several opponents for power), there are some amendments which should be made in terms of war in Iraq. It is difficult to admit, but it is true, that the war in Iraq is nothing more than the fight for power: Clausewitz does not distinguish whether this might be economic, social, or military power, or some other different aspect of political superiority. Clausewitz risks applying limited perspectives to discussing what war is. In the fight between the two wrestlers, only one of them initially seeks superiority. As a result, at the initial stage of war, only one of the opponents fights for power and superiority. Clausewitz supports this line stating that â€Å"two motives lead men to war: instinctive hostility and hostile intention. In our definition of war, we have chosen as its characteristic the latter of these elements, because it is the most general†. Has the U. S. started the war in Iraq with hostile intentions? Probably, it has. Many of us argue the fact that the U. S. military actions in Iraq were primarily aimed at promoting democracy in the country. To be objective, hardly any democracy can survive in the whirl of blood, murders, terrorist acts and violence caused by military actions. However, in the fight between Iraq and the U. S. Clausewitz seems to have neglected one essential stage of developing military actions: the first stage is the military intervention, and it hardly looks as the fight of the two wrestlers. On the contrary, its image is similar to unexpected blow on the side of the opponent to which another wrestler cannot stand and falls. The situation described by Clausewitz is actually the next stage of war. Iraq required certain period of time to gather it strength and to enter the war as an equal. At the stage when we started to receive the reports on murders and terrorist acts against American soldiers, one could suggest that the war has turned into the discussed fight. However, in this fight one of the opponents was trying to prove his superiority, while the other tried his best to defend the integrity of his physical territory and peace in the country. We cannot but agree with Clausewitz that war is never an isolated act, and it is never a separated single military blow. â€Å"War does not spring up suddenly, it does not spread to the full in a moment; each of the two opponents can, therefore, form an opinion of the other, in a great measure, from what he is and what he does, instead of judging of him according to what he, strictly speaking, should be or should do† (Clausewitz 1989, 5) The war in Iraq had long prehistory. The United States were continuously trying to defend their position in this military conflict. It was evident that the war was inevitable. As a result it is difficult to argue the position of Clausewitz. Actually, the work of Clausewitz seems to be very close to what we currently witness in Iraq. Of course, we do not know much as none of us has fortunately participated in this campaign. All we have at our disposal are news reports and other secondary information, but this secondary information allows analyzing the events in Iraq from the viewpoints of several philosophers. Clausewitz creates a philosophic picture of war. He implies that war does not change its face, and the structure of military actions and interactions remains unchanged, no matter at what historical period of our development a war may occur. This does not really matter, whether we use nuclear weapons or fight in the open sea – the war is always the utmost use of force, which does not break out of sudden, and which is the means of proving one’s superiority. Jablonski: Roots of Strategy In his work, David Jablonski has evaluated the works of the four theorists, as applied to military actions and military strategies. It is surprising, that Jablonski was able to avoid bias in his discussion. It is even more surprising, that the works of philosophers written at the beginning of the 20th century seem to have predicted the exact course of events during the war in Iraq. This, on the one hand, continues the line found in the work of Clausewitz: the essence of military actions remains unchanged through the centuries. On the other hand, Jablonski’s selection helps us understand WHY the U. S. was involved into the war in Iraq, and has actually initiated it. â€Å"In the United States our people have been slow to realize the changed conditions. Isolated as we have been from possible enemies, the people could see little chance for aggression by others. Separated as we are from Europe by the Atlantic, and from Asia by the Pacific which form most certain and tremendously strong defensive barriers, we seemed to be protected by the design of the Almighty. [†¦] The vulnerability of the whole country to aircraft as distinguished from the old conditions that obtained when the frontiers or the coast had to be penetrated before an invasion of the country could be made, has greatly interested the people of the nation† (Jablonski 1999, 452) What facts do we have in the war against Iraq? First, the U. S. has for long been isolated from others’ aggression. Even during WWII the U. S. was not directly involved into military actions. The terrorist acts of 2001 have been a tremendous shocking therapy to the whole American nation. The continuous isolation from the direct aggression has made the U. S. senseless towards possible military and terrorist threats. The image of the almighty nation was rather exaggerated, and the events of 9/11 have proved this assumption. The terrorist attacks had to attract the attention of the U. S. to its vulnerability and to eliminate the discussed senselessness, but the country has misinterpreted these events. The senselessness has turned into aggression against the states which were suspected in promoting terrorism (Iraq is in the top list of such ‘promoters’). As far as the United States has not experienced any acts of continuous aggression, which it could not stand, it has not fully realized the continuous effects of military actions brought into Iraqi land. In the introduction to his book, David Jablonski puts emphases on the most critical elements of war. â€Å"Modern military forces normally work in an environment in which the major dilemma is that of properly matching continuity and change. [†¦] the core attribute to such thinking is to imagine the future as it may be when it becomes the past – a thing of complex continuity. † Thus, planning continuity and looking at military actions through the prism of the past is the crucial element in making this strategy reasonable and justified. What are continuous impacts that the U. S. has caused onto the Iraqi population? These are economic defeat, and the need to restore all social and political structures of the country. It is still unclear whether the U. S. was able to promote democratic ideals in Iraq, but it is evident that it has failed to apply the principles of â€Å"continuity through the past† to planning the Iraqi military strategy. Jablonski states that the significance of the theoretical works he discussed in his book is in that they are presented in a structured manner, and can be easily understood and applied in practice. It seems that both the U. S. in its war in Iraq, and the terrorists in their 9/11 attacks have applied the principles discussed by Jablonski: â€Å"sometimes implicitly, more often explicitly, they created images of how aerial destruction of ‘vital centers’, could bring a nation to its knees. After all, there were the examples of mass panic on the home fronts and mutiny in the trenches during the recent war. † Similar to Clausewitz, who creates parallels between military actions and wrestling, Jablonski also underlines the importance of the sudden effect. Consequentially, we come to understanding an interesting military controversy: military campaigns cannot be sudden, but the â€Å"sudden effect† of aerial or other destruction often determines the success of the planned military campaign. These two elements are integral to the U. S. intervention to Iraq, too. Liddell-Hart: Strategy There are the two crucial elements which make Liddell-Hart’s view applicable to the war in Iraq: first, the author extensively researches the historical implications of specific military actions, and second, he does not expand his research to broader notions, but is rather concentrated on the ‘cause-effect’ research. His book is in many instances similar to that of Clausewitz. This is why the author is initially biased. In both works the reader meets identical philosophical parallels: â€Å"To move along the line of natural expectation consolidates the opponent’s balance and thus increases his resisting power. In war, as in wrestling, the attempt to throw the opponent without loosening his foothold and upsetting the balance results in self-exhaustion, increasing in disproportionate ration to the effective strain upon him. Success by such method only becomes possible through an immense margin of superior strength in some form – and, even so, tends to lose decisiveness. † (Liddell-Hart 1991, 5) In this citation, we find many elements which have already been found in other philosophical works: loosening foothold may be paralleled to the sudden aerial attacks, while moving along the line of natural expectation is similar to complying with the principles of continuity and thorough planning. Simultaneously, it is difficult to apply this statement to the military actions in Iraq. If the U. S. used Liddell-Hart’s philosophical implications in developing its strategy in Iraq, it would never apply the means of sudden attack against the Iraqi nation. People in Iraq would not know what means being bombed. As a result, the U. S. would risk losing its powerful positions. The philosophic perspective created by Liddell-Hart is hardly applicable to the war in Iraq or to any other military campaign in contemporary world. In addition, when Liddell-Hart speaks about morale in war, he represents its too idealistic image: the violence of American soldiers against Iraqi people eliminates any possibility to link morale to the war in Iraq. Niccolo Machiavelli: The Prince â€Å"A prince ought to have no other aim or thought, nor select anything else for his study, than war and its rules and discipline; for this is the sole art that belongs to him who rules, and it is of such force that it not only upholds those who are born princes, but it often enables men to rise from a private station to that rank. † This is another aspect of the war in Iraq, described in the terms of Niccolo Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince†. As Hitler used the war to prove his superiority and to create the nation of Aryans, the U. S. seems to be in constant need to prove its superiority to other nations. Several recent decades have turned into the years of constant fight, in which the U. S. always positioned itself as the leading and powerful nation: Vietnam, Afghanistan, Kuwait, Yugoslavia, and finally, Iraq; who is going to be the next? Machiavelli makes special emphasis on the importance for the prince to understand and to possess the art of war: â€Å"a prince who does not understand the art of war, over and above other misfortunes already mentioned, cannot be respected by his soldiers, nor can he rely on them. † (Machiavelli, 2006) The best information and intelligence resources have been employed to develop a sound military strategy towards Iraq, yet the U. S. was not able to display a skilful approach towards Iraqi intervention. Numerous deaths of the American soldiers and their inability to find common language with the native population, whom they had to protect, suggest that the United States did not possess any sound military skills. Expectation of easy victory usually leads to easy failure. The war in Iraq has displayed the U. S. inability to analyze the world military history, about which Machiavelli speaks. The author refers to the importance for the prince to study the actions of illustrious men and to see how they behaved themselves during war. Being powerful does not mean being non-educated; being powerful means being skillful, reasonable, and objective. Military failures in Vietnam and Yugoslavia have not taught the U. S. any meaningful lessons. In distinction from Clausewitz, Liddell-Hart, and Jablonski, Machiavelli did not apply any historical perspectives to evaluating military strategies, but he was wise enough to emphasize the importance of historical lessons, and of the ability to properly evaluate these lessons. Peter Paret: Makers of Modern Strategy While Clausewitz applied the painting parallels to researching war, Paret has performed a profound research of several philosophic writings related to the topic of war. All authors he discussed in his book sought to answer several crucial questions: whether it was possible to evaluate war, whether it was a viable tool of foreign policy, and how ethical war was. Paret’s views are directly connected with the understanding of nuclear threats as applied to military strategies. Paret’s book is actually the selection of the major philosophic works and their evaluation. It seems that modern philosophers try to distance themselves from creating their own ideas about war, but prefer analyzing the ideas of others as applied to contemporary political and military environment. In the introduction to his book, Paret writes that â€Å"strategy is the use of armed force to achieve the military objectives and, by extension, the political purpose of the war. To those engaged in the direction and conduct of war, strategy has often appeared more simply, in Moltke’s phrase, as a system of expedients† Thus, war is initially the conjunction of political and military ideas. The war in Iraq is also the combination of political and military aims, but which of them prevails? In his book, Paret often cannot make a case. He states that Machiavelli lived during the time when warfare was unregulated and thus the relevance of his assumptions could decrease. However, who says that our warfare is regulated? Paret suggests that while Clausewitz supported the idea of war to be limited in time, goals, and strategies, there was no place to global military campaigns. Does this mean that local military conflicts similar to those in Iraq cannot expand beyond the geographical borders of the Iraqi nation? They can, and the conflict in Iraq has already stretched itself across the world. The war in Iraq has already turned into the political fight between the two opposing political camps, and the perspective of the global war has never been so close since the end of WWII. This is why it is difficult to understand the aim of Paret’s analysis. For the aims of objective military research, one should rather read the original works of philosophers, than their subjective interpretations made by contemporary authors. Sun Tzu: The Art of War â€Å"Whoever is first in the field and awaits the coming of the enemy, will be fresh for the fight; whoever is second in the field and has to hasten to battle will arrive exhausted. Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy, but does not allow the enemy’s will to be imposed on him. [†¦] If we do not wish to fight, we can prevent the enemy from engaging us even though the lines of our encampment be merely traced out on the ground. All we need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable in his way† (Sun Tzu 1971, 24) The ideas of war produced by Sun Tzu, partially seem as odd as the instruments he offers to use if one does not want to fight. On the one hand, being first to the field also implies using ‘sudden’ tactics. On the other hand, what odd instruments could Iraqi people use to openly claim their desire not to start war with the U. S.? One should not repeat its tactics which had been successful earlier, but it should be regulated according to the constantly changing military environments. Moreover, using the tactics which has already proved to be a failure is a guaranteed double failure. The U. S. has not taken into account numerous important elements of an effective military strategy: being sudden does not always mean being successful. Aerial attacks make people fall to their knees, but do not break them completely. The U. S. develops a sound strategy of removing its military from the Iraqi territory. The aim is to turn retreat into a victory, which is virtually impossible. Until the U. S. is able to re-evaluate its defeats and tactics in previous military campaigns, it will have to be prepared to new military failures. Conclusion I think that each of the analyzed philosophers has something to say about the war in Iraq. Each of them discussed interesting elements of military strategy which could be applied to Iraqi military campaigns. Although certain views are limited, some risk being biased, and some cannot make the case at all, all of them deserve attention at least for having researched the question which we will hardly ever answer: What is War? It is never stable, it is always changeable, it always has a different face, and sometimes we even fail to recognize it from the start. One thing is evident: no matter how difficult a war can be, no excuses can justify our inability to fight well. BIBLIOGRAPHY Clausewitz, C. On War. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989. Jablonski, D. Roots of Strategy. Book 4. Merchanicsburg: Stackpole Books, 1999. Liddel-Hart, Basil H. Strategy: Second Revised Edition. New York: Meridian Books, 1991. Machiavelli, N. The Prince. The Project Gutenberg, 2006. Available from http://www. gutenberg. org/files/1232/1232-h/1232-h. htm Paret, P. , G. A. Craig & F. Gilbert. Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986. Sun Tzu. The Art of War. Translated by Samueal B. Griffith. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.